Recency bias explicitly violates one of the most fundamental tenets of successful investing: the “buy low, sell high” maxim. Investors tend to chase returns, buying yesterday’s winners. Although the industry constantly warns that past performance is no guarantee of future results, investors often extrapolate a string of short-term wins indefinitely into the future.

Below are actionable ways to discuss and address recency bias with clients.

Identifying Recency Bias

Investors display recency bias when they place a greater importance on newer information and discount the value of older information. This often leads to investors making poor decisions. If recent returns have been good, investors tend to be overly optimistic. Conversely, if recent returns are poor, investors tend to be pessimistic.

Recency bias can showcase itself when an investor is hesitant to adjust risky stock allocations to more defensive options because they expect the recent outperformance of an investment to continue.

Teachable moment: When an investor calls with a decision to invest or sell, be sure to explore their reasoning behind their decision. If it’s based on recent experience of the past year or two, ask them to look at the broader historical context and take the opportunity to explain how this is an example of recency bias, the potential drawbacks, and how it can affect their long-term financial plans. Then determine and explain your reasoning whether the decision makes sense or not.

Explaining Recency Bias to Clients

When explaining recency bias to investors, a good analogy to use is that of the gambler who believes he is on a hot streak. A gambler who has just won on several consecutive rolls of the dice or spins of the roulette wheel is often tempted to press their bets upwards.

However, any cold-blooded statistician will tell you that each roll or spin is statistically independent of the previous or following one. A more accurate gambler’s proverb is “the dice have no memory.” Due to recency bias, that sound advice is often ignored.

How Trailing Returns Encourage Recency Bias

Unfortunately, recency bias is embedded in one of the most frequently used metrics in finance—trailing returns. Usually the first question asked when judging a manager is, “What is your year-to-date return?” The follow-up question is often, “Okay, so what are your one-year, three-year, and five-year returns?”

The problem with this line of thinking is that the most recent returns have a disproportionate impact on all these time periods. In addition, trailing returns can vary greatly based on months adding or dropping off. If the most recent quarter or two have been very good, it will likely flatter all the time periods in question. Conversely, if the recent quarter has been poor, it will likely poison the whole set of trailing returns.

Consider the following example. The data features the trailing one quarter, one year, three year, and five year returns for two return series. If you were to ask someone who is the superior manager, most people would say Manager A is clearly the winner. Moreover, most investors would likely say Manager B is a “sell” and Manager A is a “buy”.

The truth is this is the same data series. Both sets of returns are the S&P 500 index. The only difference is the end date. “Manager B” is the S&P 500’s returns through December 31st, 2018. “Manager A” is the S&P 500 through March 31st, 2019, a mere 90 days later. The picture looks entirely different, but this is a perfect illustration of how recency bias can skew people’s views on an investment.

Ironically, anyone who did decide to “sell Manager B” on December 31st, would have missed out on the 13.65% returns that were just around the corner. Hindsight would tell that if you truly wanted to “buy low” that the time to do it was on January 1st.

Action Plan: Focus on the Long-Term

Although recency bias is deeply ingrained into investor thinking, there are two ways to manage the bias.

First, it’s important to maintain a long-term view when discussing investing performance and plans with clients. This requires advisors to consistently redirect clients’ preoccupation with short-term metrics and recent news to their long-term goals and plans.

Second, to support the long-term view, a useful metric for supporting the long-term view is rolling-period returns. The most important advantage rolling-period returns has is that each datapoint or “window” has an equal impact on the overall analysis. Recent periods do not carry a disproportionate weight in a rolling-period analysis.

Recency bias leads to either greed or fear, both of which are harmful to investors. One of the best ways to address behavioral biases is by constructing portfolios that seek to manage investor emotions before they happen.